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Buchasta S. I. Creation and development of military settlement infrastructure of cavalry on the territory of the Slobidsko-Ukrainian (Kharkiv) province in 1817–1864
ANNOTATION
Buchasta S. I. Creation and development of military settlement infrastructure of
cavalry on the territory of the Slobidsko-Ukrainian (Kharkiv) province in 1817–1864. –
Qualifying scientific work as a manuscript.
Thesis for a Candidate degree of historical sciences on a specialty 07.00.01
"History of Ukraine". – State Higher Educational Institution "Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky
Hryhoriy Skovoroda State Pedagogical University" Ministry of Education and Science
of Ukraine. – Pereyaslav-Khmelnytsky, 2020.
The dissertation is devoted to the complex study of military cavalry settlement
infrastructure creation and development process on the territory of the Kharkiv province
as an important factor in the formation of the regional social and economic space of the
first half of the XIX century.
In the dissertation research the state of the scientific development of the topic is
analyzed. It is found that for the first time the issue of creating military settlements
infrastructure, as a complex of objects and buildings, was considered by representatives
of Russian historiography of the imperial era.
In Soviet times, the research topic was hardly developed. Modern historians have
considered this problem only in the context of studying the military settlements
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economy. It was found that the chosen topic was not the subject of a special study. The
existing historiography is a sufficient basis for the next level of the problem
development.
The analysis of the source base revealed that the written and graphic sources are
the main and equivalent groups for the study. The overwhelming majority of written
sources are units of the internal document circulation of the military settlement system.
Graphic sources relate to project and fixation activities for both territorial spatial
transformations, urban planning, and individual infrastructure facilities and structures.
The great majority of sources of the group was discovered and published for the first
time. The most complete and systematic information is contained in the archive funds
formed as a result of the work of the military settlements central authorities and
reserved in the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive (Moscow) and the
Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg). At the same time, the documentary
corpus of local authorities, which are stored in the Central State Historical Archive of
Ukraine (Kyiv), the State Archives of Odessa region (Odessa) and the State Archives of
Kharkiv region (Kharkiv), is also quite representative.
The methodological base of the study is determined. It is characterized by
interdisciplinarity, because it raises issues that are the object of study not only of history
but also socio-economic geography, urban planning and architecture.
The dissertation analyzes the influence of infrastructural transformations on the
development of the military settlement territory. The process of Ukrainian lands
selection for the cavalry settlement in the Kharkiv province is studied. It is noted that
the settled districts were formed as artificial autonomous administrative formations by
collecting only state lands, redemption and exchange of landed estates. It was
established that a fundamentally new system of settlement was formed in the districts,
which had the structure and division inherent in military settlements. The villages where
the headquarters were located, played the role of different levels centers. The change in
the resettlement system was due to the forced destruction of hamlets and small villages
and the regulation of the number of inhabitants by partial or complete resettlement. The
heredity of the settlement network of the specified territory is retraced.
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The planning and development study of the military settlement inhabited
localities revealed that the process of redevelopment was associated with the formation
of the settlement network, was at different rates in the districts of the uhlan and
cuirassier divisions. Planning structures in military settlements were developed
exclusively on the basis of regular schemes in accordance with the national urban policy
of the time. It is proved that the authorship of new town-planning plans was of a
collective nature. All inhabited localities of the Ukrainian military settlement received
new plans that changed the traditional structure of settlements to varying degrees. The
high level of planning elements’ preservation of the studied period in modern planning
structures of cities and villages of Kharkiv, Luhansk and Donetsk oblasts as a
perspective problem for further researches is revealed.
It was found that the construction was carried out according to the typical projects
in the style of classicism. Reconstruction was used to save money and accelerate the
pace of construction. Buildings were divided into residential and staff, which differed in
height and location in the inhabited localities plan.
Based on the analysis of statistical data on the composition of the military
settlements’ infrastructure during 1817–1857, its unification was revealed and a
conditional division into eight functional groups according to the tasks of military
settlements was proposed. The main types of buildings are characterized. Summary data
on religious buildings are presented separately.
The dissertation considers the main factors and results of the Ukrainian military
settlement infrastructure development the by studying the legal and organizational
principles, resources and dynamics of construction.
The peculiarities of the creation process and normative-legal base use of
construction activity in the districts of military settlements are analyzed. It is established
that the legislative process here had the same general tendencies as in the Russian
legislation of that time. The rather extensive and complex legal framework regulated
any process extra fine. It was found that according to the plan of the military
settlements’ organizers, the way of gradual accumulation of legislative acts was chosen,
which clarified the provisions of the two main documents on the organization and
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functioning of military settlements of infantry and regular cavalry in 1817. The
legislative base of construction in the pre-codification period, from 1817 to 1832, is
systematized according to conditional groups of use. It was found that the main feature
of building regulations in the settlements was not the regulation of public relations in
the field of construction, but the consolidation of its own development model of districts
and comprehensive control over its implementation.
The thesis traces the formation of the construction management system as a set of
responsibilities and powers of the governing bodies of economic development of
settlements at all levels, which took place gradually, in ascending order, according to
practical needs. The structure and powers in the field of construction in the military-
populated districts of both central and local governments and the interrelations between
them are revealed. It was established that collegial bodies existed at all levels of
government to address the most important issues.
The main advantage of the management system of infrastructural transformations
in the districts of the military settlement is its comprehensiveness in a certain territory,
which ensured the planning, perspective, consistency and controllability of the process.
The composition and qualification of labor resources construction of military
settlements infrastructure facilities of the cavalry in the Kharkiv province, in particular,
the master personnel of special military-labor units have been studied. It was established
that the use of externally engaged labor force, such as soldiers of infantry battalions and
artillery companies, took place in order to intensify the pace of work in the districts and
unload the local population. It was emphasized that the main burden of in-kind
construction duties was on the local population, but the tendency to relieve the peasants
of any responsibilities other than agricultural work deepened over time. It was revealed
that the need for master specialists and lower-level construction managers was solved
through the creation of special military-labor units.
Staff training took place through the transfer of experience on site or internships
in craft centers. Conductor schools were established in the cavalry military settlements
to train middle management personnel.
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Peculiarities of using the expenditure part of the military settlements’ budget for
construction are considered. The level of financial resources for construction activities
to create the infrastructure of settlements has been identified. It is noted that despite the
significant sums allocated annually for the construction of the cavalry in the Sloboda-
Ukrainian (Ukrainian) military settlement, the austerity regime was constantly applied.
Uneven funding in different periods affected the pace of construction in the districts.
It is concluded that the lack of manpower, the lag of funding from the needs of
districts, which became significant in the first half of the 1840s, contributed to the
creation of settlement infrastructure mainly from non-capital temporary structures of
non-durable materials and simplified technologies.
Based on a large amount of consolidated statistical data, infrastructure facilities
and regimental districts construction dynamics by years is analyzed. The periodization
of the Ukrainian military settlement infrastructure development process is proposed.
It is established that the first or initial period lasted from 1817 to 1820, the second
one between 1822 and 1832, the third one lasted from 1833 to the mid-1840s, the fourth
one can be defined in the range from the mid-1840s to 1857, the fifth one or liquidation
period lasted from 1857 to January 1, 1864.
In conclusion, the results of the work and achievements of the candidate are
summarized and the main provisions for the defense are formulated.
An analysis of the available data on the creation and development of the military
cavalry settlement infrastructure on the territory of the Slobidsko-Ukrainian (Kharkiv)
province in 1817-1864 led to the conclusion that this process took place at several levels
– geo planning, town-planning and directly architectural constructional (objectal), had
significant differences in different districts of one regional settlement, experienced
significant transformation over time and was effective.
It is emphasized that the process of creating infrastructure in the above-mentioned
regional settlement can be considered effective, because the construction program was
implemented, however, taking into account non-capital structures. The results of
construction measures to create infrastructure are called one of the main factors in the
forced change of traditional way of life in some areas of Kharkiv province, which was
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the most global consequence of the military settlements existence in the first half of the
XIX century.
Considering the comprehensiveness of infrastructural transformations and the
findings of modern research on changes in agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry,
education, health care, transport communications, we can talk about creating a new
cultural landscape in the military settlement of cavalry in Kharkiv province in 1817–
1864.
Further study of the topic has significant research prospects and reserves both in
other regional military settlements, and in related disciplines of urban planning,
architecture and cultural heritage protection.
Keywords: military settlement, infrastructure, construction, resettlement system,
planning, structure of facilities, management system, legislative and regulatory
framework, labor force and personnel, financing peculiarities, creation dynamics.
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